Shin kun san marufi da dabaru da hanyoyin sufuri da fa'idodi?
Samfura
Marufi shine babban lokaci don kwantena, kayan aiki da kayan taimako da aka yi amfani da su daidai da wasu hanyoyin fasaha don kare samfuran, sauƙaƙe ajiya da sufuri, da haɓaka tallace-tallace yayin sufuri. Babban ayyuka na marufi sune kamar haka:
2. inganta aikiingancin kayayyaki a cikin tsarin dabaru Marubucin tarin samfura a cikin ayyukan dabaru kai tsaye yana shafar lodi da saukar da ababen hawa, karba da isar da kayayyaki a cikin shagunan ajiya, da yawan amfani da girma na motsi zuwa ababen hawa da wuraren ajiya.
1. Hana lalacewa a lokacin sufuri
Misali: lalacewa ta hanyar yanayi na zahiri kamar girgiza, tasiri, huda da extrusion, da rugujewa da rugujewar shelves, tari ko sufuri na nufin; lalacewa ga yanayin yanayi kamar radiation.
3. Don watsa bayanai
Fakitin samfuran dole ne su sami bayanai kamar gano samfur, masana'anta, sunan samfur, adadi na ciki, kwanan wata da lambar tantancewa, waɗanda ke da matukar mahimmanci yayin karɓa, zaɓi da tabbatar da takardar.
4. Haɓaka tallace-tallace
Tsarin tsari, kayan aiki, bugu mai launi da buɗe taga na marufi na waje na samfurin ya sa marufi yana da aikin ƙawata, haɓaka samfurin da haɓaka tallace-tallace.
Don taƙaitawa, babban aiki na marufi shine samar da kariya yayin jigilar kayayyaki. To, menene dabaru da hanyoyin sufuri?
Yanayin jigilar kayayyaki shine hanya, hanya da nau'in da ake kammala jigilar fasinjoji da kaya. Dangane da hanyoyin sufuri daban-daban, ana iya raba shi zuwa hanyoyi daban-daban. Hanyoyin sufuri daban-daban sun dace da kaya daban-daban. Hanyoyin gama gari sun haɗa da sufurin teku, sufurin jirgin ƙasa, sufurin jiragen sama, sufurin hanya, jigilar bututun mai, jigilar kwantena, da jigilar kayayyaki ta ƙasa da ƙasa.
1. Hanyoyin sufuri.
Hanyar jigilar kayayyaki da fasinjoji akan hanya galibi ta amfani da motoci, amma kuma amfani da wasu ababen hawa (kamar mutane, motocin da dabbobi). Harkokin zirga-zirgar hanya ya fi daukar nauyin gajeriyar nisa, jigilar kaya da ruwa, mai nisa, jigilar kaya mai girma da kuma jigilar tazarar inda fa'idodin layin dogo da sufurin ruwa ke da wahala a kai.
A halin yanzu, jimillar motoci a duniya ya kai fiye da miliyan 400. A cikin hanyar sadarwar sufuri na zamani a duniya, layukan manyan tituna sun kai 2/3, kimanin kilomita miliyan 20, kuma yawan kayan da aka kammala ta hanyar zirga-zirgar hanya ya kai kashi 80% na jimlar jigilar kaya. Kimanin kashi 10% na jujjuyawar kaya. A wasu kasashe masu ci gaban masana'antu, yawan kayan dakon kaya da na zirga-zirgar ababen hawa na daga cikin mafi kyawu ta hanyoyin sufuri daban-daban, kuma zirga-zirgar ababen hawa ta zama wani muhimmin bangare na bukatu da muhimmanci.
Babban abũbuwan amfãni na sufuri na hanya shine ƙarfin sassauci, gajeren lokacin gina hanya, ƙananan zuba jari, sauƙi don daidaitawa da yanayin gida, wuraren tashar tashar ba su da manyan buƙatu.Ana iya ɗaukar jigilar "Ƙofa zuwa kofa", watau daga ƙofar mai jigilar kaya zuwa ƙofar mai karɓa, ba tare da canja wuri ba ko maimaita kulawa. Hakanan za'a iya amfani da jigilar hanya azaman hanyar haɗi tare da sauran hanyoyin sufuri. Matsakaicin tattalin arzikin zirga-zirgar titinan gabaɗaya yana tsakanin kilomita 200. Amma zirga-zirgar hanya kuma yana da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun kayan aiki: ƙaramin kaya, bai dace da ɗaukar nauyi ba, manyan kayayyaki, bai dace da jigilar nisa ba; Girgizarwar abin hawa da ke aiki yana da girma, wanda ke da sauƙin haifar da haɗarin lalacewar kayayyaki da bambancin kaya. Haka kuma, kudin sufuri ya zarce na sufurin ruwa da na jirgin kasa.
2. Sufuri ta hanyar dogo.
Amfani da jiragen kasa don jigilar fasinjoji da kayayyaki. Titin jirgin kasa ya fi daukar dogon zango da jigilar kaya mai yawa, wanda shine babban nau'in sufuri a cikin jigilar kaya. Tsarin sufurin jirgin ƙasa ya ƙunshi abubuwa da yawa, kuma suna haɗa juna. Idan ba tare da ingantaccen tsarin ba, jiragen kasa ba za su yi tafiya cikin sauƙi ba. A wuraren da ba a samun ruwa, kusan dukkanin jigilar kayayyaki na ta jirgin kasa ne.
Abvantbuwan amfãni shine saurin sauri, ba'a iyakance ta yanayin yanayi ba, babban nauyin kaya, farashin sufuri yana da ƙasa. Babban hasara shine rashin daidaituwa mara kyau, kawai zai iya cimma sufuri a kan tsayayyen layi, buƙatar haɗin kai tare da wasu hanyoyin sufuri da haɗin kai. Da zuwan zamanin Intanet na Abubuwa, zirga-zirgar jiragen kasa ta haifar da sabbin damar ci gaba. Aiwatar da fasahar Intanet na Abubuwa a cikin sufurin jirgin ƙasa a cikin ƙasarmu na iya tattara bayanan motsin motsi da yanayin tafiyar da abin hawa, kamar lambar motsi, lambar mota, matsayi, matsayi, wurin da lokacin isowa, da gano bayanan locomotive da abin hawa da kaya a ainihin lokacin. Matsakaicin tattalin arzikin sufurin jirgin ƙasa gabaɗaya ya fi kilomita 200.
3. Jirgin ruwa.
Harkokin sufurin hanyar ruwa shine babban nau'i na sufuri a cikin jigilar kaya, wanda ya ƙunshi babban adadi da jigilar kayan aiki mai nisa. A cikin ƙasa da yankunan bakin teku, ana amfani da sufurin ruwa a matsayin ƙananan hanyoyin sufuri don haɗawa da haɗa ayyukan jigilar kaya. Harkokin sufurin ruwa wani muhimmin bangare ne na tsarin sufuri na kasar Sin, bayan shekaru da dama da aka samu bunkasuwa, kasarmu ta zama kasa mafi tasiri wajen samar da wutar lantarki a duniya, alkalumma sun nuna cewa a shekarar 2020 tasha ruwa na kasar Sin ya kai ton biliyan 14.55, yawan kwantena na tashar jiragen ruwa ya kai 260. miliyan teu, kayan aikin tashar jiragen ruwa da kayan aikin kwantena shine na farko a duniya.
Babban amfani da sufuri na ruwa shine ƙananan farashi, yana iya aiwatar da ƙananan farashi, babban girma, sufuri mai nisa. Jirgin ruwa da sauran hanyoyin sufuri don kwatanta, halayensa sun bambanta sosai, wanda aka sani da jigilar kare muhalli. Jirgin ruwa zai taka rawar gani sosai a cikin manyan hanyoyin yanke shawara kamar hawan carbon da tsaka tsaki na carbon. Amma sufurin ruwa kuma yana da aibu a bayyane, galibi saurin jigilar kayayyaki, ta tashar jiragen ruwa, matakin ruwa, yanayi, yanayi, ta yadda aka dakatar da sufuri na dogon lokaci a cikin shekara.
Akwai nau'ikan jigilar ruwa guda huɗu:
(1) safarar bakin ruwa. Hanya ce ta amfani da jiragen ruwa don jigilar fasinjoji da kayayyaki ta hanyoyin ruwa na bakin teku kusa da babban yankin. Gabaɗaya, ana amfani da matsakaita da ƙananan jiragen ruwa.
(2) sufurin jiragen ruwa. Wani nau'i ne na sufuri wanda ake amfani da jiragen ruwa don jigilar fasinjoji da kayayyaki ta hanyar jiragen ruwa na kasashen da ke makwabtaka da su a cikin kasa. Dangane da kewayon, ana iya amfani da matsakaici ko ƙananan jiragen ruwa.
(3) sufurin teku. Shin yin amfani da jiragen ruwa a fadin tekun tsarin sufuri mai nisa, galibi ya dogara da girman manyan jiragen ruwa.
(4) Jirgin ruwa na cikin ƙasa. Hanya ce ta sufuri ta hanyar amfani da jiragen ruwa a magudanan ruwa na koguna, koguna, tafkuna da koguna da ke cikin kasa, galibi suna amfani da matsakaita da kanana.
4. Jirgin sama.
Wani nau'i na sufuri ta jirgin sama ko wani jirgin sama. Farashin naúrar jigilar jiragen sama yana da yawa sosai. Don haka, akwai nau'ikan kayayyaki guda biyu waɗanda suka dace da ɗauka. Ɗaya shine kayayyaki masu ƙima da ƙarfi da ƙarfin ɗaukar kaya, kamar sassan kayan aiki masu mahimmanci da samfura masu daraja. Sauran kayan da ake bukata cikin gaggawa, kamar agajin bala'i da kayan ceto.
Babban fa'idar sufurin jirgin sama shine cewa yana da sauri kuma ba'a iyakance shi ta hanyar ƙasa ba. Yana da matukar mahimmanci saboda yana iya dogara da jigilar iska a wuraren da ba za a iya isa ta jirgin kasa ko bas ba.
5. International multimodal sufuri
Multimodal sufuri a takaice, ana samarwa da haɓakawa akan jigilar kwantena. Yana nufin jigilar kayayyaki a cikin aƙalla nau'ikan sufuri guda biyu daban-daban ta ma'aikacin jigilar kayayyaki daga wurin ɗaukar kaya a wata ƙasa zuwa wurin da aka keɓe a wata ƙasa daidai da kwangilar jigilar kayayyaki. Harkokin sufuri na multimodal na kasa da kasa ya dace da ruwa, hanya, jirgin kasa da sufurin iska. A cikin kasuwancin kasa da kasa, tun da kashi 85% ~ 90% na kayayyaki ana kammala su ta hanyar teku, jigilar teku ta mamaye matsayi mafi girma a cikin jigilar kayayyaki na kasa da kasa.
Tsarin sufuri da aka kammala tare ta hanyar hanyoyin sufuri iri biyu za a kira shi gaba ɗaya a matsayin jigilar kayayyaki, wanda aka fi sani da sufurin multimodal a ƙasarmu. Jirgin daga Shanghai zuwa JOHANNESBURG na kasar Afirka ta Kudu, alal misali, zai bi ta teku -- daga Shanghai zuwa DURBAN sannan ta kasa -- daga Durban zuwa Johannesburg. Wannan riga multimodal. Amma sufurin multimodal a ma'anar kasuwancin kasa da kasa, ba wai kawai ya kamata ya kasance yana da irin wannan yanayin ba, har ma ya kamata ya kasance yana da "multimodal bill of lading" - wato kwangilar "multimodal Transport".
Duk da wannan gaskiyar, abin da muka saba yi shi ne samun lissafin teku maimakon "multimodal bill of lading". Saboda haka, ko da yake akwai multimodal sufuri, shi bai dace da ma'anar "multimodal sufuri".
Amfanin su ne:
1. Haɗin kai da kuma matakai masu sauƙi;
2. Ajiye farashi kuma rage farashin sufuri;
3. Rage tsaka-tsakin haɗin kai, rage lokaci da inganta ingancin sufuri;
4. Ingantacciyar ƙungiyar sufuri da ƙarin sufuri mai dacewa;
5, zai iya cimma jigilar gida-gida;
Dangane da yanayin sufuri, zaɓin kwantenan jigilar kayayyaki galibi suna bin ka'idodi masu zuwa: Na farko, yana buƙatar saduwa da daidaitattun ƙa'idodin ƙasa da ƙasa; Abu na biyu, yana buƙatar la'akari da cewa kwalayen da aka yi amfani da su bai kamata su haifar da lahani ga ɗaiɗaikun mutane da jama'a ba, kuma suna da isasshen kariya ta jiki don samfuran da kariyar zafin jiki yayin duk aikin sufuri. Hakanan ya kamata a tabbatar da cewa jigilar kayayyaki a cikin dukkan tsarin dabaru ba jigilar muggan kwayoyi bane.
Lokacin aikawa: Nuwamba-16-2022
